Benin Smog Pollution

It appears to be fuel for 2-stroke engines which African-Asian motorcycles most often are apparently. Gasoline-motor oil mixture for fuel. 2-strokes have "smoggier" emmisions than 4-strokes, which is why they have being phased out in the U.S.A rencently. An advantage of a 2-stroke is greater engine power for a given engine displacement and cheaper cost...but there are are environmental bills to pay for shortcuts.

The solution would be to convert these to ethanol operation in my opinion. Exhaust would be mainly carbon dioxide and water then. Good work is being done in India, Brazil and the United States and Canada to make this a reality. The Internet Biofuels and Biomass Stoves lists are places to find ethanol fuel researchers. Very interesting.